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The domain 'BLACKB.US' (and sub-domain) is for sale. Click here to view at Sedo.com. [Google Ads] A bus is a large road
vehicle designed to carry numerous passengers in addition to the driver
and sometimes a conductor. The name is a neologic version of the Latin omnibus,
which means "for all." History The omnibus, the first organized
public transport system, may have originated in Nantes, France in 1826,
when Stanislas Baudry, a retired army officer who had built public baths
(run from the surplus heat from his flour mill) on the city's edge, set
up a short line between the center of town and his baths. The service
started on the Place du Commerce, outside the hat shop of M. Omnès, who
displayed the motto Omnès Omnibus ("Omnès for all") on his
shopfront. When Baudry discovered that passengers were just as
interested in getting off at intermediate points as in patronizing his
baths, he shifted the line's focus. His new voiture omnibus
("carriage for all") combined the functions of the hired
hackney carriage with the stagecoach that travelled a predetermined
route from inn to inn, carrying passengers and mail. His omnibus
featured wooden benches that ran down the sides of the vehicle; entry
was from the rear. There is also a claim from the UK where in 1824 John Greenwood operated the first "bus route" from Market Street in Manchester to Pendleton in Salford. In 1828, Baudry went to Paris where he founded a company under the name Entreprise générale des omnibus de Paris, while his son Edmond Baudry founded two similar companies in Bordeaux and in Lyons. A London newspaper reported in July 4, 1829 that "the new vehicle, called the omnibus, commenced running this morning from Paddington to the City". This bus service was operated by George Shillibeer.
"Omnibus,"
crayon and watercolor drawing by Honoré Daumier, 1864. In New York,
omnibus service began in the same year, when Abraham Brower, an
entrepreneur who had organized volunteer fire companies, established a
route along Broadway starting at Bowling Green. Other American cities
soon followed suit: Philadelphia in 1831, Boston in 1835 and Baltimore
in 1844. In most cases, the city governments granted a private
company—generally a small stableman already in the livery or
freight-hauling business—an exclusive franchise to operate public
coaches along a specified route. In return, the company agreed to
maintain certain minimum levels of service. In 1831, New Yorker
Washington Irving remarked of Britain's Reform Act (finally passed in
1832): "The great reform omnibus moves but slowly." The omnibus encouraged
urbanization. Socially, the omnibus put city-dwellers, even if for only
half an hour, into previously-unheard-of physical intimacy with
strangers, squeezing them together knee-to-knee. Only the very poor
remained excluded. A new division in urban society now came to the fore,
dividing those who kept carriages from those who did not. The idea of
the "carriage trade", the folk who never set foot in the
streets, who had goods brought out from the shops for their appraisal,
has its origins in the omnibus crush. The omnibus also extended the
reach of the emerging cities. The walk from the former village of
Paddington to the business heart of London in the "City" was a
long one, even for a young man in good condition. The omnibus offered
the suburbs more access to the inner city. More intense urbanization was to follow. Within a very few years, the New York omnibus had a rival in the streetcar: the first streetcar ran along The Bowery, which offered the excellent improvement in amenity of riding on smooth iron rails rather than clattering over granite setts, called "Belgian blocks". The new streetcars were financed by John Mason, a wealthy banker, and built by an Irish contractor, John Stephenson.
When motorized transport
proved successful after c. 1905, a motorized omnibus was for a time
sometimes called an autobus. Bus lines proliferated in the U.S.
as streetcar lines were torn out of the major cities by "bus
manufacturing or oil marketing companies for the specific purpose of
replacing rail service with buses." This was accompanied by a
continuing series of technical improvements: pneumatic
"balloon" tires during the early 1920s, monocoque body
construction in 1931, automatic transmission in 1936, the diesel-engine
bus in 1936, the first acceptable 50+ passenger bus in 1948, and the
first buses with air suspension in 1953. Bus services were a focal point in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States. In the period after the American Civil War ended in 1865, racial segregation in public accommodations, including public transport such as rail and bus services, was enforced through Black Codes and Jim Crow laws in the South. These were made to prevent African-Americans from doing things that a white person could do. For instance, Jim Crow laws required bus drivers to enforce separate seating sections. These laws and enforcement varied among communities and states. In 1955, after a long day of work, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus, bringing attention to the injustice of differential and degrading treatment based solely upon race. This incident, boycotts of bus services, other protests, and court challenges led to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling banning segregation on public buses and helped lead the U.S. Congress to pass the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act which clarified the unconstitutionality of public racial segregation laws.
In some areas of the
United States, a school busing system has been used to achieve racial
desegregation of public schools. Under such a busing plan, children do
not necessarily go to the nearest school geographically, but to such a
public school in the same district where there is an appropriate mix of
racial diversity.
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